Argument
1.1
One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about …. It is unreasonable to draw any conclusion about … of only…. Depending on the total number of…, it is entirely possible that…. for example, …. If so, then the editorial’s recommendation might amount to poor advice for….
Unless the surveyor sampled a sufficient number of ... and did so randomly across the entire [sample], the survey results are not reliable to indicate that….
The number of respondents/ samples, in itself, does not ensure representativeness.
It is quite possible that the sample included only..., which indicates that....
Or perhaps… would account for only a little percentage of …, which would renders the result of the survey meaningless.
1.2
The argument tells that "many".... However, the speaker fails to indicate the percentage of..., so this evidence is far too vague to be meaningful.
The author fails to provide information regarding the absolute number of....
1.4
editorial neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When a sample is used to make general claims about …, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization. All we know in this editorial is that the survey was recently published. The less recent the survey itself is, the less reliable the results to indicate current interest levels.
2.
2.1
The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that… would by itself …. Lacking evidence it is equally possible that …would not suffice by itself. …must…, and …must…: otherwise, the … will not be effective. In short, unless … can show that …, I can not accept the recommendation.
The argument assumes too hastily that ...will necessarily result in the behavior that the argument predicts. Perhaps, .... Moreover,....
2.2
The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of… are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption. Admittedly,_. However, it is entirely possible that means other than this would also achieve …. Perhaps,…. Without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…, … cannot confidently conclude…
The editor's recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other than A caused B. However, common sense informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of the other factors, including..., might just as likely be the cause of B. To be specific, .... Without ruling out these and other possible causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that only by... can....
3.
3.1
The arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between the fact that... and the claim that.... This argument is unacceptable unless there is compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events. Perhaps, for example, ... results from ....
3.2
The argument concludes (based on a known correlation between … and …) that the latter is attributable, at least partly, to the former. Yet the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship. perhaps,.... Moreover…, …overlooks the fact that…. The editorial’s author has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, then the conclusion that … would lack any merit whatsoever
Based on the fact that... occurred after..., the editor infers that... should be responsible for.... However, the sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that earlier development caused the later one. It might have resulted from some other events instead:...--to just a few possibilities. without ruling out scenarios such as these, the editor cannot establish a cause-and-effect relationship between... and ... upon which editor's recommendation depends.
3.3
The argument observes a correlation between A and B, then concludes that the former is the cause of the latter. However, the argument fails to rule out other possible explanations for A or B. For example, .... Any of these factors might lead to B. Without ruling out all other factors it is unfair to conclude that A is responsible for B.
3.4
It is possible that ...has confused cause with effect respecting.... Perhaps A was a response to B. Since ... failed to account for this possibility, the claim that... is completely unwarranted.
4.
4.1
A threshold problem involves the definition of A. The arguer fails to define this critical term. If A is defined as B, then how C, is irrelevant to whether.... In short, without a clear definition of A, it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.
4.2
The argument assumes that the …trend in the specific… reflects the general trend upon which the argument relies. yet, … fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. Absent such evidence, it is just as likely that…. For that matter, perhaps in …the …trend is in the opposite direction, in which event …’s recommendation would amount to especially poor advice.
The argument resets on the assumption that ... typify nationwide.... If this is not the case, then it is entirely possible that …. Thus, lacking more marketing information about...nationwide, it is difficult to assess the merit of the memo's recommendation.
4.3
One problem with the argument is that it assumes that the nationwide(characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group) statistics about... applies equally to (member), yet this might not be the case, for a variety of possible reasons. Perhaps...; or perhaps.... Without ruling out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that...
5.
5.2
The author's conclusion that... is unwarranted. Profit is a factor of not only revenue, but also the costs. It is entirely possible that the costs of..., or other costs associated with..., will offset, even outweigh the revenue. Besides, a myriad of other possible occurrence, such as unfavorable economic conditions, might prevent ... from being as profitable in the foreseeable future as the argument predicts.
6.
6.1
The author claims that..., because.... The author assumes without justification that the background condition have remained the same at different time. The assumption is unwarranted because things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time. There are likely all kinds of difference between A and B. For example, A...; However, B.... Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that....
8.
8.1
The arguer's recommendation relies on what might be a poor analogy between A and B. The analogy falsely depends on the assumption that... in both A and B are similar. However, it is entirely possible that A 与B存在很大的不同. Perhaps,…. Or perhaps…. In short, without accounting for important possible differences between A and B, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will help A....
To strengthen the argument, instead of relying on a dubious analogy between A and B, the arguer should supply evidence, perhaps by way of a survey or a marketing program at A, to prove that (the proposed method will indeed help A)/ A will indeed reap the similar benefits from the method.
9.
Even assuming A is not the reason for the B, the author falsely assumes that the B must be attribute to C. This "either-or" argument is fallacious in that it ignores other possible causes of the B. For example, perhaps..., or perhaps....
10.
In addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if A, it dose not follow that B. It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to B. For instance, .... Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning B. Without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to B, the author cannot confidently conclude that....
开头段
•Merely based on unfounded assumption and dubious (suspicious) evidence, the statement draws a conclusion that.... To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer points out evidence that.... In addition, he indicates that .... Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.
•
•
•In this memo ...recommends .... To support this recommendation ...cites the following facts about ...: (1)(2)(3). Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.
•
•结尾段
•To sum up, this arguer fails to substantiate his claim that..., because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to.... Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that.... Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.
